Tamil Linux HOWTO

V. Venkataramanan

<venkat@tamillinux.org>

D Sivaraj

Initial conversion from LaTeX to Docbook XML

Jan 2003

Revision History
Revision 1.0	2003-02-14	venkat
Initial release, reviewed by LDP
Revision 0.9	2003-1-21	venkat
Changes made to comply to TDLP specs.
Revision 0.8	2002-10-24	venkat
First draft

Abstract

This document will help set up a working Tamil Linux environment. This describes setting up fonts, keyboard drivers, editing and printing Tamil/bilingual documents, and working with the X Window system. The information is kept as generic as possible. When it pertains to a specific distribution (say RedHat or Debian), it is explicitly noted.

1. About this HOWTO

1.1. Purpose/Scope of this HOWTO

This document will help set up a working Tamil Linux environment. Step-by-step instructions are provided for setting up fonts, editors, etc. This document also describes the essential instructions need to use web browsers, edit documents and print them.

The base URL of this document is:

1.2. Feedback

Comments and suggestions about this document may be directed to the author (<venkat@tamillinux.org>)

1.3. Copyright and License

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no invariant Front-Cover text, no Back-Cover text and no invarient sections.

A verbatim copy of the license can be obtained from the Free Software Foundation Website at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl.html

1.4. Acknowledgements

Several postings by the following people were useful in writing this document. The following people are thanked for all their help:

Thuraiappah Vaseeharan, D. Sivaraj, Sivakumar Shanmugasundaram, Dinesh Nadarajah, Anbumani Subramanian, Ganesan Rajagopal, M.K. Saravanan,...

2. Introduction

Tamil is a member of the Dravidian languages. Its origin is in southern India and the language is written with non-Roman alphabets. So there is a need for special fonts, encoding, keyboard layout and drivers, besides localization, including currency, date format, etc. This document will give a complete overview of setting up and working in the Tamil Linux environment. There are several pieces of information and tools available for Linux in Tamil; this how-to will serve as a meta-index to all the scattered resources.

A word before you enter - most of the fonts, tools, RPMs and documents are being gathered under one site. So try the resources at http://tamil.homelinux.org before you embark on treasure-hunting.

3. Fonts

It can seem like anarchy. There are an unknown number of fonts, each encoded with their own tables, driven by arbitrary keyboard layouts and outputs. In my opinion, Tamil can seriously compete with any other language for maximum number of font tables. Added to this commotion are the dynamic fonts for the web pages, that enable anyone to get away with a non-standard font as long as his pages are viewable.

Adding to all these is the official Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange (ISCII), the Government of India sponsored “unifying” scheme to bring all Indian fonts under the Devanagari umbrella. Anyone familiar with the way the characters are written in Tamil and in Devanagari script will understand the lack of any rationale in this approach.

Needless to say, this is serving to only add to the confusion. A good analysis of this and the unicode for Tamil is once again written by Sivaraj and can be found at . For those not familiar with the Tamil script, a good introduction written by Sivaraj is at .

Let us ignore the anarchy for a moment and get a picture of the frequently used font encodings. There are two main contenders and luckily they will converge soon. The first and most popular one is the Tamil Standard Code for Information Interchange (TSCII), developed by volunteers throughout the world, and the other, TAmil Monolingual (TAM), and TAmil Bilingual (TAB) encodings, were proposed by the Tamil Nadu Government. Once again, TAM is of limited use in an OS environment and we can safely ignore that. Almost all Linux efforts are in TSCII (Console, KDE, GNOME localizations).

3.1. TSCII

TSCII is a glyph-based, 8-bit bilingual encoding. It uses a unique set of glyphs; the usual lower ASCII set. Roman letters with standard punctuation marks occupy the first 128 slots and the Tamil glyphs occupy the upper ASCII segment (slots 128-256). A good overview of the early font encoding schemes and a the rationale behind the TSCII approach can be found at http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5180/tscii.html.

The home URL for TSCII volunteers is http://www.tamil.net/tscii. This site discusses the TSCII encoding and provides tools including fonts, keyboard drivers, editors and inter-conversion tools for various platforms. The font encoding table according to TSCII-1.6 can be found at http://www.tamil.net/tscii/charset16.gif.

The current version of TSCII is 1.6, and a revision is expected anytime now that will fix some anomalies in using various slots for encoding. This version 1.7 will be fully backward compatible with 1.6 and is expected to gain popularity. The TSCII discussion group currently brainstorms on modifications to TSCII-1.6. You may be able to participate in the discussions by becoming a member. You may also be able to download various beta tools from there. The font encoding table according to TSCII-1.7 (draft) can be found at .

3.2. TAB

TAB is a character based bilingual standard proposed by the government of Tamil Nadu. The TAB bilingual encoding table can be found at http://www.tamilnet99.org/annex4.htm. Tools for TAB encoding (mostly restricted to the Windows platform) can also be downloaded in the vicinity of this page.

3.3. Miscellaneous fonts and encodings

There are too many types, and unfortunately they are not documented well. It is beyond the scope of this document to discuss them.

4. Console Tamil

This so far has been a one man effort - once again by Sivaraj. He has written a set of console tools for Tamil that include a monospace font, keyboard driver and locale setup. In his words:

	You can use it with Lynx to read any TSCII-based web sites or Pico to email in TSCII. Some characters may be disoriented, since I try to fit all the characters in an 8x16 cell. But it is still readable.
	--Sivaraj

The tools can be downloaded here. Follow the instructions in the REAME file to install and use.

5. X Window

Welcome! This is where you will find the most useful tools for Tamil. Even for basic users, it is now possible to have close to a total Tamil-localized office suite. Tamil GUI is achieved in KDE or GNOME environment with localization settings (more about this later in this document), and Tamil character input is achieved using keymanager programs. But first you need to get some fonts to do all this.

5.1. Installing fonts

Linux, by default, uses “pcf” fonts and one can also use “bsd” fonts; these are bitmapped fonts that display under X and can be printed. But, as is common with all bitmapped fonts, these are not always WYSIWYG in print. For high-quality printing you need “Type-I” fonts (Adobe), with Ghostscript you need PS fonts and for “afm” fonts (American Font metrics) are used. But most of the Tamil fonts that are freely available are TrueType (ttf). We will see next how to get all these fonts working.

5.2. Bitmapped fonts

A bitmapped font is a matrix of dots; because of this, these fonts are device-independent. A 75 dpi font, which is good enough for displaying, is still a 75 dpi font in your 1200 dpi printer. So usually bitmapped fonts are created for a specific purpose, such as for displaying on a monitor or for printing. Linux usually uses bdf or pcf font for console or X display. Fonts like those created by dvips or dvi are printer-related bitmapped fonts. These fonts occupy large sizes, but programs circumvent this by dynamically creating them as and when they are needed, and at a specific resolution.

You can get bitmapped Tamil fonts for various applications from:

When an application makes a font request to the X Server, XFree86 looks for fonts in specific directories. This means that when you add fonts to your system and you want them to be recognized by X Server, you need to tell X about the location of these fonts. Simply add a directory to your font path with the commands:

      mkfontdir
      xset fp+ <directory>

where the family directory is the name of the directory where you have fonts. Once you have done this you have to ask the server to get this registered for the session, with the command

xset fp rehash

Since you will want these commands to run automatically, you should put them in your .xinitrc file ( or possibly your .Xclients or .xsession file -- this depends on how you start X. Another way to have the commands set automatically is edit XF86Config. For example, to add /usr/share/fonts/myfonts to the font path when X is started, edit XF86Config like this:

	...
	Section "Files"
	...
	FontPath /usr/share/fonts/myfonts
	...
	EndSection
		...

The advantage of editing XF86Config is that the resulting changes are system wide.

5.3. TrueType fonts

You may get TrueType fonts for TSCII, TAB and TSCII1.7 encoding from the download section of http://tamil.homelinux.org/. Alternate sources for these fonts are

TSCII - http://www.tamil.net/tscii/

TAB - http://www.tamilnet99.org/ and http://www.thinnai.com

TSCII-1.7 (experimental) - http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tscii/files/

Installing these fonts are either too easy or too difficult. Too easy if you have one of the latest distributions, like RedHat7.x or Mandrake7.x. This is because RedHat (and Mandrake, maybe SuSE) come with xfs pre-packaged. It is also easy to find xfs for Debian, but as far as I know, Debian does not come with xfs packaged.

Debian users are now redirected to this mini-howto on TrueType fonts in Debian - http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/TT-Debian-3.html

There is also another utility, xfstt, which is easier to install and use, but xfs is becoming popular as it can handle Adobe Type1 in addition to TrueType fonts.

If you do not have either of these, consider getting either xfs (not to be confused with Silicon Graphics (SGI) sponsored XFS journaling file system) from http://www.xfree86.org.

or xfstt from http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/. You may also get xfstt binaries from http://independence.seul.org/, or reading an article about xfstt in the Linux Gazette at

5.3.1. Installing TrueType Fonts

You need to run these commands as root. If you are currently logged in as a normal user, you can use su to do this now.

You should now have xfs availability, otherwise use the steps in the previous section to obtain it.

In some distributions like Mandrake, installing TrueType fonts is a cakewalk. Just go to DrakConf and use the font install utility - follow a few easy steps there and you'll have them all.

Put your TrueType fonts in whatever directory you want. For example, /usr/share/tamiltt.

From within the directory containing your new fonts, type:

ttmkfdir -m 50 -o fonts.scale

This makes a file that will contain the necessary information about the fonts for the xfs server. The option -m 50 specifies the magnification for the fonts; I have seen some Tamil fonts working well only with -m 100.

Then type:

mkfontdir

Now you can add the new directory to your xfs search path. Red Hat (and Red Hat-like) distributions come with a neat utility to do this called chkfontpath. Run chkfontpath like this:

chkfontpath --add /usr/share/tamiltt

This will add the new font directory to your font path.

(Other users, who have an xfs font server, without ttf support, can do this by editing their xfs configuration file.

If xfs is already installed on your system, you should see which port it is running on. You can do this with the following command:

ps ax grep xfs

Then check your XFree86 font path with this command:

xset -q

If your font path includes something like “unix:/port number,” where port number is the port on which the server is running, then you already have xfs set up properly. Otherwise, you should add it to your XFree86 font path with these commands:

xset fp+ <unix/:port number>

xset fp rehash

Note

The port number is a numerical value, something like 7100.

You can add the fontpath permanently by editing your .xinitrc. To add it system-wide, edit your XF86Config file (either under /etc/X11/XF86Config, /etc/X11/XF86Config-4, /etc/XF86Config, or /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XF86Config), by adding the following line to the Files section:

FontPath "unix/:port number"

Here is an example of how it should look:

        ...
        Section Files
        ...
        
        FontPath "unix/:-1"
        ...
        EndSection
        ...

If xfs is already properly installed, then you can restart it like this as root:

service xfs restart

After restarting xfs, it is a good idea to restart your X session.

As most of the users in Tamil will be doing this, let me summarize the essential steps.

Become root.
Download and copy some ttf fonts into a directory (say /usr/share/fonts/tamiltt).
Go to that directory and do a ttmkfdir -m 50 -o fonts.scale (use the -m 100 option if your fonts do not budge).
Do a mkfontdir . (Notice that you need to specify the directory either absolutely or with a dot).
Do a chkfontpath --add /usr/share/fonts/tamiltt . (Remember this command is available only in Red Hat-like distributions. If you can run this successfully, skip the remaining steps and restart the X server).
Do ps ax | grep xfs and get the xfs port known.
Check your font path: xset -q
If your font path includes something like “unix:/port number”, (something like “unix: 7100”), add this to your xfont path:
xset fp+ unix: port number
xset fp rehash
It is a good idea to restart the X Server.
If everything works fine, update your .xinitrc file, wherever it is.
Have fun!

5.4. Other Font Servers

There is another project, X-TrueType Server, worth looking into, at http://www.io.com/~kazushi/xtt/.

Another interesting project with broader scope is FreeType; check http://www.freetype.org.

I personally feel xfs is a great utility; it can handle Type1 fonts (very useful if you use programs like GIMP). Besides, a stand alone xfs server is not attached to X server. This means that you can deliver these fonts for remote X displays. I use this feature extensively with VNC Server running in my host and VNC Viewer running locally in Windows. It's something of a luxury having a Tamil Linux desktop while working for my employer.

6. Keyboard Drivers

Once again, lack of standards shows up here. There are quite a few Tamil keyboard layouts, the traditional typewriter keyboard; then with the surge of internet arrived the romanized transliteration keyboards; later the TAmil-Nadu government played its part by prescribing a tamilnet99 keyboard. These are only a few to talk about; we have a few others which do not fall into any of these “standards.”

There are two Tamil keyboard drivers for the X Window System, both of them set to tamilnet99 standards (see tamilnet99 website for the details on the keymap). You will be able to download both the keydrivers from the Yahoo! tamilinix group files section .

6.1. tamil_kmap

The first driver is tamil_kmap, created by Vasee. It is based on the original version of Siva. It is operable under both TSCII 1.6 and TAB encodings. The detailed installation instructions are given in the README file in the package. It is very simple to install. First, untar the package into a temporary directory. Then type:

cp ta /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/

then: cp Compose /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/locale/iso8859-1

and put the shell script setkb into a directory on your system PATH . You may need to become root to copy these files into these directories.

To use the Tamil keyboard, type setkb tscii or setkb tab. From inside the keyboard driver you will be able to switch between the two standards, and also between Roman and Tamil fonts.

6.2. tamilvp

The other keyboard driver, tamilvp (vp for Visaip Palakai) is written and maintained by Dinesh. As indicated above, you may download that from the Yahoo! tamilinix group file section. It is available as rpm (I have not tried it out yet). Just install the rpm and files will be in appropriate locations. To run the program type tamilvp and you will get the GUI cell to choose between Tamil (TSCII 1.6 or TAB) and English.

7. KDE

Historically, the K Desktop Environment (KDE) was the first full Tamil user interface. Though far from complete, KDE was there for Tamil, and Tamil among the Indic languages, for the first time. Under KDE, with your localization properly set to Tamil, you may be able to do almost everything (from editing files, to browsing the web and e-mail, to administrative tasks such as user management and task scheduling) with a Tamil user interface.

7.1. Getting Localization Files

For the newbie, it is very easy to search the web for Tamil KDE localizations RPMs. They are usually labelled something like kde-i18n-Tamil-2.0-1mdk.i586.rpm. i18n is just that: i(nternationalizatio)n, 18(18letters). Tamil is the localization setting corresponding to the Tamil language. mdk signifies the package for Mandrake distribution. Then comes the most important part; 2.0-1, the KDE version number. Your base KDE version and this should be the same, so when downloading, make sure that you get the proper localized menus for the proper KDE version. i586 signifies the precompiled binaries for the intel 586 platforms. Make sure that you get the proper binary (there are usually source rpms and rpms for other platforms such as alpha). If you are a newbie you are better off using GUI based rpm installer such as GNORPM or KPackage. First do a test install and check if your system has all the needed packages. If not go to the same source from where you downloaded the Tamil localization and get them. After making sure that you installed all dependencies, install the kde-i18n-tamil package as well.

If you are not a newbie, you know it. Get KDE Tamil i18n files, and if you have time, get the sources and compile them!

KDE localization uses TSCII 1.6 encoding. This means that you will need at least one TSCII font. Read the section on fonts as to how to get it.

7.2. Choosing a Tamil locale

This section assumes that have installed at least one TSCII font (preferably several, to jazz up your GUI) and the KDE Tamil localization package.

From Start, go to configuration > KDE > Personalization and choose default (c) location.

Note

Tamil/India is yet to be made available under countries/languages.

Choose language >other >Tamil. Accept this. All changes will be activated, and will work on all windows opened subsequently.

Your user interface is now set in Tamil. If you see some garbage on the window header etc., pat yourself on the back. You are ready to see Tamil; move on!

7.3. Choosing Tamil fonts for GUI

Again, from Start go to configuration >KDE >LooknFeel. You will see a set of fonts for most (these are the ones used in display). Choose a Tamil font instead for all these. Accept.

Well done, you now see Tamil everywhere on your desktop. You are ready, with a fully operational Tamil system.

7.4. KDE Miscellaneous

As with every other project, KDE-Tamil also needs a lot of volunteers. Contact either Sivakumar or Vaseeharan (both of them can be reached through the egroup

Visit before you try KDE Tamil. If you want to convince yourself (and be bowled over), view the screenshots from tamillinux.org site.

KDE's i18n process is unicode-based. As a work around, Trolltech's QTsciiCodec class provides conversion to and from the Tamil TSCII encoding. This codec uses the mapping table found at . Unfortunately Tamil uses composed Unicode. As such, Unicode fonts cannot be used under KDE-TSCII; you need to have TSCII fonts. The TSCII codec was contributed to Qt by Hans Petter Bieker <bieker@kde.org>.

8. GNOME

GNOME Tamil localization works have just begun. There are few applications for which Tamil menus are translated, and are available. But it is yet to become the official member of GNOME i18n distribution.

In order to use them, download the currently available files from:

http://www.tamillinux.org/gnome/gnome.html

and put them into the directory /usr/share/locale/ta/LCMESSAGES/.

Under GNOME Control Panel you have set the fonts (both in Themes and the Window Manger applet) to a TSCII font.

You need to create binary messages from the po files. This is done as follows:

msgfmt xxx.po -o /usr/share/locale/ta/LCMESSAGES/xxx.mo.

Note that the binary messages files contain an extension .mo as opposed to .po for the text file.

In order for you see Tamil, you have to set the locale to Tamil.

If you are using bash as your shell, then enter the following line in your home directory.

    export LANG=ta
    export LANGUAGE=ta
    export LC ALL=ta

Restart the X server. You should see Tamil menus and dialogs in many of the GNOME enabled applications. Once again, please consider contributing to the Tamil GNOME Project; we need a lot of volunteers. Contact Dinesh <(n_dinesh@yahoo.com)> or through tamilinix yahoogroups.

9. Printing

This section is all about getting high-quality Tamil output in printing. While it is one issue to load a binary font and start using Tamil in Linux, if your work is to destroy the forests, you need high-quality printing too!

9.1. L^AT_EX

L^AT_EX is perhaps the mother of all typographic systems. It frees the author from the trivia of typesetting and concentrate on the content. It does not use the WYSWYG input, but the end result is great. Recent developments are centered toward internationalization. Unfortunately lack of unicode standard does not permit Tamil to be tried under the more ambitious Omega Project. Once again, workaround is the only way. A first step in Tamil has been attempted by Thuraiappah Vaseeharan. You may get the the package from the tamillinux.org site. The tar ball contains a great readme file that describes the installation and usage. The tamiltex package does a short work by keeping all related stuff under one directory (which means that you need to keep your work under the same directory to compile your source files). But the great thing about this package is that it is compatible with both TSCII and TAB encodings and the results are just what you would expect from a L^AT_EX package - great!

9.2. Postscript

Many Linux applications use Ghostscript to print, which means that you must have Ghostscript configured if you want to use Tamil in printed documents. If L^AT_EX is there, can PostScript be far away? Not thanks to Vasee. Set the environment variable GS_FONTPATH to point to your TrueType font directory. For example, I have:

      GS_FONTPATH=/usr/local/share/fonts/tamiltt
      export GS FONTPATH

You should be able to view Tamil PostScript files.

9.3. PDF

As of now, the only source to create PDF files is the PDF package. If you are able to successfully compile your source with the tamiltex package, use

pdflatex source.tex

to generate the PDF file. You should be able to view it, using xdvi or Adobe's Acroread for Linux.

10. Word Processors, Office Packages

Once TrueType fonts are installed properly, there is no problem using them in Abiword, GNumeric or KOffice. However, StarOffice needs Type 1 fonts. (I hear the latest StarOffice supports TrueType fonts?). You can expect Type 1 Tamil fonts to be available shortly:-).

For receiving and sending email, KMail works well with TrueType fonts. You should also be able to use PINE with Sivaraj's console fonts and utils.

11. Viewing Web pages

Konquerer supports Tamil fonts neatly, once made at the proper scale under your font directory and served to X. Widely used Netscape, however, is a problem. Netscape uses only 75 dpi fonts for display. You might have noticed this even while viewing Roman fonts, and got annoyed seeing small fonts. That being the case with Roman, Tamil is impossible to comprehend under 75 dpi. This can, however, be fixed by specifying the appropriate resources in your .Xdefaults file:

    Netscape*documentFonts.sizeIncrement: 20
    Netscape*documentFonts.xResolution*iso-8859-1: 150
    Netscape*documentFonts.yResolution.iso-8859-1: 150

Remember that TSCII fonts are used as ISO-8859-1 fonts. The parameter 150 is arbitrary; I have seen some fonts scaling neatly under 100 itself (TSCparanar, for one) which is good enough for viewing. If you are still not satisfied with what you see, try using anti-aliasing under X.

12. Pango

Pango provides an open-source framework for the layout and rendering of internationalized text and uses Unicode for all of its encoding. It aims to eventually support output in all the major languages. When GNOME 2.0 comes out, the text rendering is expected to be by Pango. Pango is expected to be the panacea for complex font schemes like kanji, arabic/hebrew (bidirectional), so Tamil is no problem. Tamil is one of the early languages in Pango - right there in the first public version. Sivaraj provided TSCII support, which was later extended to TAB by Vikram.

13. Miscellaneous

For the latest news, views and tools in Tamil Linux:

http://tamil.homelinux.org/

Issues related to Tamil localization are mostly discussed at:

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tamilinix/

Under the files section there you may get some tools, few HOWTOs (most of those issues are unified in this document already) and some tutorials.

If you want to read about Open Source (Free Software) history in Tamil, see:

http://www.tamillinux.org/venkat/cover.html

Ganesan Rajagopal is checking in CVS for Tamil locales under the Sourceforge project on Tamil Linux, you may be get them from:

http://cvs.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/tamillinux/locale-ta/

There is a simple guide to setting up a working Tamil Linux environment, addressed to newbies, available at:

http://www.tamillinux.org/venkat/tamil_inst.html

A. Appendix of Tamil Font Encodings

There are several non-standard font encoding schemes for Tamil. Then there are a whole lot of fonts (used mostly by publishing houses in Tamil Nadu, such as Vikatan, Kumutham, thinamaNi, etc.) which do not comply with any of these. The three major font encoding schemes are;

TSCII (Tamil Standard Code of Information Interchange - currently running in beta version 1.7); the first efforts by volunteers throughout world.

TAB (TAmil Bilingual); proposed and approved by the Tamil Nadu government


TSCII 1.6 Encoding Table 

vowels: a, aa/A, i, ii/I, u, uu/U, e, ee/E, ai, o, oo/O, au, aq

consonants: k, ng, c, ny, t, N, th, n^, p, m, y, r, l, v, zh, L, R, n

---------------------------------------------------------
Position |  character name        | TSCII glyph
---------|------------------------|----------------------
Characters 0-127 are as in the  standard lower ASCII set
---------|------------------------|----------------------
128  80  | c128                   |  tamil numeral 0
129  81  | c129                   |  tamil numeral 1                
130  82  | baseline single quote  |  tamil numeral 2      
131  83  | florin                 |  tamil numeral 3  
132  84  | baseline double quote  |  tamil numeral 4   
133  85  | ellipsis               |  tamil numeral 5   
134  86  | dagger (single)        |  tamil numeral 6   
135  87  | dagger (double)        |  tamil numeral 7   
136  88  | circumflex             |  tamil numeral 8   
137  89  | per mil (thousand)     |  tamil numeral 9   
138  8A  | S caron                |  modifier for aa/A   
139  8B  | left single guillemet  |  modifier for I   
140  8C  | OE ligature            |  modifier for Ii/I    
141  8D  | c141                   |  modifier for u    
142  8E  | c142                   |  modifier for uu/U     
143  8F  | c143                   |  modifier for e    
144  90  | c144                   |  modifier for ee/E        
145  91  | open single quote      |  (left single guillemet)
146  92  | close single quote     |  (right single guillemet )
147  93  | open double quote      |  (left double guillemet)
148  94  | close double quote     |  (right double guillemet )
149  95  | bullet (large)         |  tamil numeral 10  
150  96  | en dash                |  tamil numeral 100   
151  97  | em dash                |  tamil numeral 1000   
152  98  | tilde                  |  modifier for ai  
153  99  | unregistered trademark |  tamil vowel a   
154  9A  | s caron                |  tamil vowel aa/A   
155  9B  | right single guillemet |  tamil vowel i
156  9C  |  oe ligature           |  tamil vowel ii/Ai   
157  9D  |  c157                  |  tamil vowel u  
158  9E  |  c158                  |  tamil vowel uu/U  
159  9F  |  Y diaeresis           |  tamil vowel e  
160  A0  |  non-breaking space    |  (vacant) 
161  A1  |  Spanish inverted !    |  tamil vowel ee/E  
162  A2  |  cents                 |  tamil vowel ai  
163  A3  |  pounds                |  tamil vowel o  
164  A4  |  intl. monetary symbol |  tamil vowel oo/O  
165  A5  |  yen                   |  tamil vowel au  
166  A6  |  broken bar            |  tamil vowel aq  
167  A7  |  section symbol        |  tamil uyirmei ka 
168  A8  |  diaeresis             |  tamil uyirmei nga  
169  A9  |  copyright             |    copyright
170  AA  |  feminine ordinal      |  tamil uyirmei ca 
171  AB  |  left double guillemet |  tamil uyirmei nya 
172  AC  |  logicalnot            |  tamil uyirmei ta 
173  AD  |  soft hyphen (minus)   |  tamil uyirmei Na 
174  AE  |  registered trademark  |  registered trademark
175  AF  |  macron                |  tamil uyirmei tha  
176  B0  |  ring (also degrees)   |  tamil uyirmei n^a 
177  B1  |  plus/minus            |  tamil uyirmei pa 
178  B2  |  superscript 2         |  tamil uyirmei ma 
179  B3  |  superscript 3         |  tamil uyirmei ya 
180  B4  |  acute                 |  tamil uyirmei ra
181  B5  |  micro symbol (or mu)  |  tamil uyirmei la 
182  B6  |  pilcrow (paragraph)   |  tamil uyirmei va
183  B7  |  bullet (small)        |  bullet (small)  
184  B8  |  cedilla               |  tamil uyirmei zha 
185  B9  |  superscript 1         |  tamil uyirmei La  
186  BA  |  masculine ordinal     |  tamil uyirmei Ra  
187  BB  | right double guillemet |  tamil uyirmei na  
188  BC  |  one-fourth            |  grantha letter ja 
189  BD  |  one-half              |  grantha letter sha 
190  BE  |  three-fourths         |  grantha letter sa 
191  BF  |  Spanish inverted ?    |  grantha letter ha
192  C0  |  A grave               |  grantha letter ksha
193  C1  |  A acute|              |  grantha letter sri 
194  C2  |  A circumflex          |  tamil uyirmei ti/di 
195  C3  |  A tilde               |  tamil uyirmei tii/dii  
196  C4  |  A diaeresis           |  tamil uyirmei ku 
197  C5  |  A ring                |  tamil uyirmei ngu 
198  C6  |  AE ligature           |  tamil uyirmei cu 
199  C7  |  C cedilla             |  tamil uyirmei nyu 
200  C8  |  E grave               |  tamil uyirmei tu
201  C9  |  E acute               |  tamil uyirmei Nu
202  CA  |  E circumflex          |  tamil uyirmei thu
203  CB  |  E diaeresis           |  tamil uyirmei n^u
204  CC  |  I grave               |  tamil uyirmei pu
205  CD  |  I acute               |  tamil uyirmei mu
206  CE  |  I circumflex          |  tamil uyirmei yu
207  CF  |  I diaeresis           |  tamil uyirmei ru
208  D0  |  Icelandic Eth         |  tamil uyirmei lu
209  D1  |  N tilde               |  tamil uyirmei vu  
210  D2  |  O grave               |  tamil uyirmei zhu 
211  D3  |  O acute               |  tamil uyirmei Lu 
212  D4  |  O circumflex          |  tamil uyirmei Ru 
213  D5  |  O tilde               |  tamil uyirmei nu  
214  D6  |  O diaeresis           |  tamil uyirmei kU  
215  D7  |  multiply symbol       |  tamil uyirmei ngU  
216  D8  |  O with oblique stroke |  tamil uyirmei cU    
217  D9  |  U grave               |  tamil uyirmei nyU  
218  DA  |  U acute               |  tamil uyirmei tU  
219  DB  |  U circumflex          |  tamil uyirmei NU  
220  DC  |  U diaeresis           |  tamil uyirmei thU  
221  DD  |  Y acute               |  tamil uyirmei n^U 
222  DE  |  Icelandic Thorn       |  tamil uyirmei pU 
223  DF  |  German sharp s        |  tamil uyirmei mU  
224  E0  |  a grave               |  tamil uyirmei yU 
225  E1  |  a acute               |  tamil uyirmei rU 
226  E2  |  a circumflex          |  tamil uyirmei lU   
227  E3  |  a tilde               |  tamil uyirmei vU 
228  E4  |  a diaeresis           |  tamil uyirmei zhU 
229  E5  |  a ring                |  tamil uyirmei LU 
230  E6  |  ae ligature           |  tamil uyirmei RU 
231  E7  |  c cedilla             |  tamil uyirmei nU 
232  E8  |  e grave               |  tamil vowel  k (ik) 
233  E9  |  e acute               |  tamil vowel  ng (ing)
234  EA  |  e circumflex          |  tamil vowel  c (ikc)
235  EB  |  e diaeresis           |  tamil vowel  ny (iny)
236  EC  |  i grave               |  tamil vowel  t (it)
237  ED  |  i acute               |  tamil vowel  N (iN)
238  EE  |  i circumflex          |  tamil vowel  th (ith)
239  EF  |  i diaeresis           |  tamil vowel  n (in^)
240  F0  |  Icelandic eth         |  tamil vowel  p (ip)
241  F1  |  n tilde               |  tamil vowel  m (im)     
242  F2  |  o grave               |  tamil vowel  y (i<)     
243  F3  |  o acute               |  tamil vowel  r (ir) 
244  F4  |  o circumflex          |  tamil vowel  l (il)    
245  F5  |  o tilde               |  tamil vowel  v (iv)  
246  F6  |  o diaeresis           |  tamil vowel  zh (izh)     
247  F7  |  divide symbol         |  tamil vowel  L (iL)     
248  F8  |  o with oblique stroke |  tamil vowel  R (iR)       
249  F9  |  u grave               |  tamil vowel  n (in)   
250  FA  |  u acute               |  grantha vowel  j (ij)  
251  FB  |  u circumflex          |  grantha vowel  sh (ish)    
252  FC  |  u diaeresis           |  grantha vowel  s (is)     
253  FD  |  y acute               |  grantha vowel  h (ih)     
254  FE  |  Icelandic thorn       |  grantha vowel  ksh (iksh)       
255  FF  |  y diaeresis           |  (vacant)   
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