Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide: An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting
Prev | Chapter 36. Miscellany | Next

# 36.2. Shell Wrappers

A wrapper is a shell script that embeds a system command or utility, that accepts and passes a set of parameters to that command. [1] Wrapping a script around a complex command-line simplifies invoking it. This is expecially useful with sed and awk.

A sed or awk script would normally be invoked from the command-line by a `sed -e `'commands'`` or `awk `'commands'``. Embedding such a script in a Bash script permits calling it more simply, and makes it reusable. This also enables combining the functionality of sed and awk, for example piping the output of a set of sed commands to awk. As a saved executable file, you can then repeatedly invoke it in its original form or modified, without the inconvenience of retyping it on the command-line.

Example 36-1. shell wrapper

       1 #!/bin/bash
       2
       3 # This simple script removes blank lines from a file.
       4 # No argument checking.
       5 #
       6 # You might wish to add something like:
       7 #
       8 # E_NOARGS=85
       9 # if [ -z "$1" ]
      10 # then
      11 #  echo "Usage: `basename $0` target-file"
      12 #  exit $E_NOARGS
      13 # fi
      14
      15
      16
      17 sed -e /^$/d "$1"
      18 # Same as
      19 #    sed -e '/^$/d' filename
      20 # invoked from the command-line.
      21
      22 #  The '-e' means an "editing" command follows (optional here).
      23 #  '^' indicates the beginning of line, '$' the end.
      24 #  This matches lines with nothing between the beginning and the end --
      25 #+ blank lines.
      26 #  The 'd' is the delete command.
      27
      28 #  Quoting the command-line arg permits
      29 #+ whitespace and special characters in the filename.
      30
      31 #  Note that this script doesn't actually change the target file.
      32 #  If you need to do that, redirect its output.
      33
      34 exit

Example 36-2. A slightly more complex shell wrapper

       1 #!/bin/bash
       2
       3 #  subst.sh: a script that substitutes one pattern for
       4 #+ another in a file,
       5 #+ i.e., "sh subst.sh Smith Jones letter.txt".
       6 #                     Jones replaces Smith.
       7
       8 ARGS=3         # Script requires 3 arguments.
       9 E_BADARGS=85   # Wrong number of arguments passed to script.
      10
      11 if [ $# -ne "$ARGS" ]
      12 then
      13   echo "Usage: `basename $0` old-pattern new-pattern filename"
      14   exit $E_BADARGS
      15 fi
      16
      17 old_pattern=$1
      18 new_pattern=$2
      19
      20 if [ -f "$3" ]
      21 then
      22     file_name=$3
      23 else
      24     echo "File \"$3\" does not exist."
      25     exit $E_BADARGS
      26 fi
      27
      28
      29 # -----------------------------------------------
      30 #  Here is where the heavy work gets done.
      31 sed -e "s/$old_pattern/$new_pattern/g" $file_name
      32 # -----------------------------------------------
      33
      34 #  's' is, of course, the substitute command in sed,
      35 #+ and /pattern/ invokes address matching.
      36 #  The 'g,' or global flag causes substitution for EVERY
      37 #+ occurence of $old_pattern on each line, not just the first.
      38 #  Read the 'sed' docs for an in-depth explanation.
      39
      40 exit $?  # Redirect the output of this script to write to a file.

Example 36-3. A generic shell wrapper that writes to a logfile

       1 #!/bin/bash
       2 #  logging-wrapper.sh
       3 #  Generic shell wrapper that performs an operation
       4 #+ and logs it.
       5
       6 DEFAULT_LOGFILE=logfile.txt
       7
       8 # Set the following two variables.
       9 OPERATION=
      10 #         Can be a complex chain of commands,
      11 #+        for example an awk script or a pipe . . .
      12
      13 LOGFILE=
      14 if [ -z "$LOGFILE" ]
      15 then     # If not set, default to ...
      16   LOGFILE="$DEFAULT_LOGFILE"
      17 fi
      18
      19 #         Command-line arguments, if any, for the operation.
      20 OPTIONS="$@"
      21
      22
      23 # Log it.
      24 echo "`date` + `whoami` + $OPERATION "$@"" >> $LOGFILE
      25 # Now, do it.
      26 exec $OPERATION "$@"
      27
      28 # It's necessary to do the logging before the operation.
      29 # Why?

Example 36-4. A shell wrapper around an awk script

       1 #!/bin/bash
       2 # pr-ascii.sh: Prints a table of ASCII characters.
       3
       4 START=33   # Range of printable ASCII characters (decimal).
       5 END=127    # Will not work for unprintable characters (> 127).
       6
       7 echo " Decimal   Hex     Character"   # Header.
       8 echo " -------   ---     ---------"
       9
      10 for ((i=START; i<=END; i++))
      11 do
      12   echo $i | awk '{printf("  %3d       %2x         %c\n", $1, $1, $1)}'
      13 # The Bash printf builtin will not work in this context:
      14 #     printf "%c" "$i"
      15 done
      16
      17 exit 0
      18
      19
      20 #  Decimal   Hex     Character
      21 #  -------   ---     ---------
      22 #    33       21         !
      23 #    34       22         "
      24 #    35       23         #
      25 #    36       24         $
      26 #
      27 #    . . .
      28 #
      29 #   122       7a         z
      30 #   123       7b         {
      31 #   124       7c         |
      32 #   125       7d         }
      33
      34
      35 #  Redirect the output of this script to a file
      36 #+ or pipe it to "more":  sh pr-asc.sh | more

Example 36-5. A shell wrapper around another awk script

       1 #!/bin/bash
       2
       3 # Adds up a specified column (of numbers) in the target file.
       4 # Floating-point (decimal) numbers okay, because awk can handle them.
       5
       6 ARGS=2
       7 E_WRONGARGS=85
       8
       9 if [ $# -ne "$ARGS" ] # Check for proper number of command-line args.
      10 then
      11    echo "Usage: `basename $0` filename column-number"
      12    exit $E_WRONGARGS
      13 fi
      14
      15 filename=$1
      16 column_number=$2
      17
      18 #  Passing shell variables to the awk part of the script is a bit tricky.
      19 #  One method is to strong-quote the Bash-script variable
      20 #+ within the awk script.
      21 #     $'$BASH_SCRIPT_VAR'
      22 #      ^                ^
      23 #  This is done in the embedded awk script below.
      24 #  See the awk documentation for more details.
      25
      26 # A multi-line awk script is here invoked by
      27 #   awk '
      28 #   ...
      29 #   ...
      30 #   ...
      31 #   '
      32
      33
      34 # Begin awk script.
      35 # -----------------------------
      36 awk '
      37
      38 { total += $'"${column_number}"'
      39 }
      40 END {
      41      print total
      42 }
      43
      44 ' "$filename"
      45 # -----------------------------
      46 # End awk script.
      47
      48
      49 #   It may not be safe to pass shell variables to an embedded awk script,
      50 #+  so Stephane Chazelas proposes the following alternative:
      51 #   ---------------------------------------
      52 #   awk -v column_number="$column_number" '
      53 #   { total += $column_number
      54 #   }
      55 #   END {
      56 #       print total
      57 #   }' "$filename"
      58 #   ---------------------------------------
      59
      60
      61 exit 0

For those scripts needing a single do-it-all tool, a Swiss army knife, there is Perl. Perl combines the capabilities of sed and awk, and throws in a large subset of C, to boot. It is modular and contains support for everything ranging from object-oriented programming up to and including the kitchen sink. Short Perl scripts lend themselves to embedding within shell scripts, and there may be some substance to the claim that Perl can totally replace shell scripting (though the author of the ABS Guide remains skeptical).

Example 36-6. Perl embedded in a Bash script

       1 #!/bin/bash
       2
       3 # Shell commands may precede the Perl script.
       4 echo "This precedes the embedded Perl script within \"$0\"."
       5 echo "==============================================================="
       6
       7 perl -e 'print "This line prints from an embedded Perl script.\n";'
       8 # Like sed, Perl also uses the "-e" option.
       9
      10 echo "==============================================================="
      11 echo "However, the script may also contain shell and system commands."
      12
      13 exit 0

It is even possible to combine a Bash script and Perl script within the same file. Depending on how the script is invoked, either the Bash part or the Perl part will execute.

Example 36-7. Bash and Perl scripts combined

       1 #!/bin/bash
       2 # bashandperl.sh
       3
       4 echo "Greetings from the Bash part of the script, $0."
       5 # More Bash commands may follow here.
       6
       7 exit
       8 # End of Bash part of the script.
       9
      10 # =======================================================
      11
      12 #!/usr/bin/perl
      13 # This part of the script must be invoked with
      14 #    perl -x bashandperl.sh
      15
      16 print "Greetings from the Perl part of the script, $0.\n";
      17 #      Perl doesn't seem to like "echo" ...
      18 # More Perl commands may follow here.
      19
      20 # End of Perl part of the script.

     bash$ bash bashandperl.sh
     Greetings from the Bash part of the script.

     bash$ perl -x bashandperl.sh
     Greetings from the Perl part of the script.

It is, of course, possible to embed even more exotic scripting languages within shell wrappers. Python, for example ...

Example 36-8. Python embedded in a Bash script

       1 #!/bin/bash
       2 # ex56py.sh
       3
       4 # Shell commands may precede the Python script.
       5 echo "This precedes the embedded Python script within \"$0.\""
       6 echo "==============================================================="
       7
       8 python -c 'print "This line prints from an embedded Python script.\n";'
       9 # Unlike sed and perl, Python uses the "-c" option.
      10 python -c 'k = raw_input( "Hit a key to exit to outer script. " )'
      11
      12 echo "==============================================================="
      13 echo "However, the script may also contain shell and system commands."
      14
      15 exit 0

Wrapping a script around mplayer and the Google's translation server, you can create something that talks back to you.

Example 36-9. A script that speaks

       1 #!/bin/bash
       2 #   Courtesy of:
       3 #   http://elinux.org/RPi_Text_to_Speech_(Speech_Synthesis)
       4
       5 #  You must be on-line for this script to work,
       6 #+ so you can access the Google translation server.
       7 #  Of course, mplayer must be present on your computer.
       8
       9 speak()
      10   {
      11   local IFS=+
      12   # Invoke mplayer, then connect to Google translation server.
      13   /usr/bin/mplayer -ao alsa -really-quiet -noconsolecontrols \
      14  "http://translate.google.com/translate_tts?tl=en&q="$*""
      15   # Google translates, but can also speak.
      16   }
      17
      18 LINES=4
      19
      20 spk=$(tail -$LINES $0) # Tail end of same script!
      21 speak "$spk"
      22 exit
      23 # Browns. Nice talking to you.

One interesting example of a complex shell wrapper is Martin Matusiak's undvd script, which provides an easy-to-use command-line interface to the complex mencoder utility. Another example is Itzchak Rehberg's Ext3Undel, a set of scripts to recover deleted file on an ext3 filesystem.

### Notes

[1] | Quite a number of Linux utilities are, in fact, shell wrappers. Some examples are `/usr/bin/pdf2ps`, `/usr/bin/batch`, and `/usr/bin/xmkmf`.

Prev | Home | Next
Miscellany | Up | Tests and Comparisons: Alternatives