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# 8.3. The Double-Parentheses Construct

Similar to the let command, the (( ... )) construct permits arithmetic expansion and evaluation. In its simplest form, `a=$(( 5 + 3 ))` would set `a` to `5 + 3`, or `8`. However, this double-parentheses construct is also a mechanism for allowing C-style manipulation of variables in Bash, for example, `(( var++ ))`.

Example 8-5. C-style manipulation of variables

       1 #!/bin/bash
       2 # c-vars.sh
       3 # Manipulating a variable, C-style, using the (( ... )) construct.
       4
       5
       6 echo
       7
       8 (( a = 23 ))  #  Setting a value, C-style,
       9               #+ with spaces on both sides of the "=".
      10 echo "a (initial value) = $a"   # 23
      11
      12 (( a++ ))     #  Post-increment 'a', C-style.
      13 echo "a (after a++) = $a"       # 24
      14
      15 (( a-- ))     #  Post-decrement 'a', C-style.
      16 echo "a (after a--) = $a"       # 23
      17
      18
      19 (( ++a ))     #  Pre-increment 'a', C-style.
      20 echo "a (after ++a) = $a"       # 24
      21
      22 (( --a ))     #  Pre-decrement 'a', C-style.
      23 echo "a (after --a) = $a"       # 23
      24
      25 echo
      26
      27 ########################################################
      28 #  Note that, as in C, pre- and post-decrement operators
      29 #+ have different side-effects.
      30
      31 n=1; let --n && echo "True" || echo "False"  # False
      32 n=1; let n-- && echo "True" || echo "False"  # True
      33
      34 #  Thanks, Jeroen Domburg.
      35 ########################################################
      36
      37 echo
      38
      39 (( t = a<45?7:11 ))   # C-style trinary operator.
      40 #       ^  ^ ^
      41 echo "If a < 45, then t = 7, else t = 11."  # a = 23
      42 echo "t = $t "                              # t = 7
      43
      44 echo
      45
      46
      47 # -----------------
      48 # Easter Egg alert!
      49 # -----------------
      50 #  Chet Ramey seems to have snuck a bunch of undocumented C-style
      51 #+ constructs into Bash (actually adapted from ksh, pretty much).
      52 #  In the Bash docs, Ramey calls (( ... )) shell arithmetic,
      53 #+ but it goes far beyond that.
      54 #  Sorry, Chet, the secret is out.
      55
      56 # See also "for" and "while" loops using the (( ... )) construct.
      57
      58 # These work only with version 2.04 or later of Bash.
      59
      60 exit

See also Example 11-13 and Example 8-4.

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