### A.4.4 T1 and T2

, resp. , of an ideal usually denote the modules of infinitesimal deformations, resp. of obstructions. In SINGULAR there are procedures `T_1` and `T_2` in `sing.lib` such that `T_1(j)` and `T_2(j)` compute a standard basis of a presentation of these modules. If are finite dimensional K-vector spaces (e.g., for isolated singularities), a basis can be computed by applying `kbase(T_1(j));`, resp. `kbase(T_2(j));`, the dimensions by applying `vdim`. For a complete intersection j the procedure `Tjurina` also computes , but faster ( in this case). For a non complete intersection, it is faster to use the procedure `T_12` instead of `T_1` and `T_2`. Type `help T_1;` (or `help T_2;` or `help T_12;`) to obtain more detailed information about these procedures.

We give three examples, the first being a hypersurface, the second a complete intersection, the third not a complete intersection:

- load `sing.lib`
- check whether the ideal j is a complete intersection. It is, if number of variables = dimension + minimal number of generators
- compute the Tjurina number
- compute a vector space basis (kbase) of

- compute the Hilbert function of

- create a polynomial encoding the Hilbert series
- compute the dimension of

      LIB "sing.lib";
      ring R=32003,(x,y,z),ds;
      // ---------------------------------------
      // hypersurface case (from series T[p,q,r]):
      int p,q,r = 3,3,4;
      poly f = x^p+y^q+z^r+xyz;
      tjurina(f);
    ==> 8
      // Tjurina number = 8
      kbase(Tjurina(f));
    ==> // Tjurina number = 8
    ==> _[1]=z3
    ==> _[2]=z2
    ==> _[3]=yz
    ==> _[4]=xz
    ==> _[5]=z
    ==> _[6]=y
    ==> _[7]=x
    ==> _[8]=1
      // ---------------------------------------
      // complete intersection case (from series P[k,l]):
      int k,l =3,2;
      ideal j=xy,x^k+y^l+z2;
      dim(std(j));          // Krull dimension
    ==> 1
      size(minbase(j));     // minimal number of generators
    ==> 2
      tjurina(j);           // Tjurina number
    ==> 6
      module T=Tjurina(j);
    ==> // Tjurina number = 6
      kbase(T);             // a sparse output of the k-basis of T_1
    ==> _[1]=z*gen(1)
    ==> _[2]=gen(1)
    ==> _[3]=y*gen(2)
    ==> _[4]=x2*gen(2)
    ==> _[5]=x*gen(2)
    ==> _[6]=gen(2)
      print(kbase(T));      // columns of matrix are a k-basis of T_1
    ==> z,1,0,0, 0,0,
    ==> 0,0,y,x2,x,1
      // ---------------------------------------
      // general case (cone over rational normal curve of degree 4):
      ring r1=0,(x,y,z,u,v),ds;
      matrix m[2][4]=x,y,z,u,y,z,u,v;
      ideal i=minor(m,2);   // 2x2 minors of matrix m
      module M=T_1(i);       // a presentation matrix of T_1
    ==> // dim T_1 = 4
      vdim(M);              // Tjurina number
    ==> 4
      hilb(M);              // display of both Hilbert series
    ==> //         4 t^0
    ==> //       -20 t^1
    ==> //        40 t^2
    ==> //       -40 t^3
    ==> //        20 t^4
    ==> //        -4 t^5
    ==>
    ==> //         4 t^0
    ==> // dimension (local)   = 0
    ==> // multiplicity = 4
      intvec v1=hilb(M,1);  // first Hilbert series as intvec
      intvec v2=hilb(M,2);  // second Hilbert series as intvec
      v1;
    ==> 4,-20,40,-40,20,-4,0
      v2;
    ==> 4,0
      v1[3];                // 3rd coefficient of the 1st Hilbert series
    ==> 40
      module N=T_2(i);
    ==> // dim T_2 = 3

    // In some cases it might be useful to have a polynomial in some ring
    // encoding the Hilbert series. This polynomial can then be
    // differentiated, evaluated etc. It can be done as follows:
    ring H = 0,t,ls;
    poly h1;
    int ii;
    for (ii=1; ii<=size(v1); ii=ii+1)
    {
       h1=h1+v1[ii]*t^(ii-1);
    }
    h1;                   // 1st Hilbert series
    ==> 4-20t+40t2-40t3+20t4-4t5
    diff(h1,t);           // differentiate  h1
    ==> -20+80t-120t2+80t3-20t4
    subst(h1,t,1);        // substitute t by 1
    ==> 0

    // The procedures T_1, T_2, T_12 may be called with two arguments and then
    // they return a list with more information (type help T_1; etc.)
    // e.g., T_12(i,<any>); returns a list with 9 nonempty objects where
    // _[1] = std basis of T_1-module, _[2] = std basis of T_2-module,
    // _[3]= vdim of T_1, _[4]= vdim of T_2
    setring r1;           // make r1 again the basering
    list L = T_12(i,1);
    ==> // dim T_1  =  4
    ==> // dim T_2  =  3
    kbase(L[1]);          // kbase of T_1
    ==> _[1]=1*gen(2)
    ==> _[2]=1*gen(3)
    ==> _[3]=1*gen(6)
    ==> _[4]=1*gen(7)
    kbase(L[2]);          // kbase of T_2
    ==> _[1]=1*gen(6)
    ==> _[2]=1*gen(8)
    ==> _[3]=1*gen(9)
    L[3];                 // vdim of T_1
    ==> 4
    L[4];                 // vdim of T_2
    ==> 3

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