The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7
IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition
Copyright © 2001-2013 The IEEE and The Open Group

#### NAME

> connect - connect a socket

#### SYNOPSIS

> ``#include <sys/socket.h>
> int connect(int` socket`, const struct sockaddr *`address`,
> socklen_t` address_len`);
> ``

#### DESCRIPTION

> The connect() function shall attempt to make a connection on a connection-mode socket or to set or reset the peer address of a connectionless-mode socket. The function takes the following arguments:

> socket
>   Specifies the file descriptor associated with the socket.
> address
>   Points to a sockaddr structure containing the peer address. The length and format of the address depend on the address family of the socket.
> address_len
>   Specifies the length of the sockaddr structure pointed to by the address argument.

> If the socket has not already been bound to a local address, connect() shall bind it to an address which, unless the socket's address family is AF_UNIX, is an unused local address.

> If the initiating socket is not connection-mode, then connect() shall set the socket's peer address, and no connection is made. For SOCK_DGRAM sockets, the peer address identifies where all datagrams are sent on subsequent send() functions, and limits the remote sender for subsequent recv() functions. If the sa_family member of address is AF_UNSPEC, the socket's peer address shall be reset. Note that despite no connection being made, the term ``connected'' is used to describe a connectionless-mode socket for which a peer address has been set.

> If the initiating socket is connection-mode, then connect() shall attempt to establish a connection to the address specified by the address argument. If the connection cannot be established immediately and O_NONBLOCK is not set for the file descriptor for the socket, connect() shall block for up to an unspecified timeout interval until the connection is established. If the timeout interval expires before the connection is established, connect() shall fail and the connection attempt shall be aborted. If connect() is interrupted by a signal that is caught while blocked waiting to establish a connection, connect() shall fail and set errno to [EINTR], but the connection request shall not be aborted, and the connection shall be established asynchronously.

> If the connection cannot be established immediately and O_NONBLOCK is set for the file descriptor for the socket, connect() shall fail and set errno to [EINPROGRESS], but the connection request shall not be aborted, and the connection shall be established asynchronously. Subsequent calls to connect() for the same socket, before the connection is established, shall fail and set errno to [EALREADY].

> When the connection has been established asynchronously, pselect(), select(), and poll() shall indicate that the file descriptor for the socket is ready for writing.

> The socket in use may require the process to have appropriate privileges to use the connect() function.

#### RETURN VALUE

> Upon successful completion, connect() shall return 0; otherwise, -1 shall be returned and errno set to indicate the error.

#### ERRORS

> The connect() function shall fail if:

> [EADDRNOTAVAIL]
>   The specified address is not available from the local machine.
> [EAFNOSUPPORT]
>   The specified address is not a valid address for the address family of the specified socket.
> [EALREADY]
>   A connection request is already in progress for the specified socket.
> [EBADF]
>   The socket argument is not a valid file descriptor.
> [ECONNREFUSED]
>   The target address was not listening for connections or refused the connection request.
> [EINPROGRESS]
>   O_NONBLOCK is set for the file descriptor for the socket and the connection cannot be immediately established; the connection shall be established asynchronously.
> [EINTR]
>   The attempt to establish a connection was interrupted by delivery of a signal that was caught; the connection shall be established asynchronously.
> [EISCONN]
>   The specified socket is connection-mode and is already connected.
> [ENETUNREACH]
>   No route to the network is present.
> [ENOTSOCK]
>   The socket argument does not refer to a socket.
> [EPROTOTYPE]
>   The specified address has a different type than the socket bound to the specified peer address.
> [ETIMEDOUT]
>   The attempt to connect timed out before a connection was made.

> If the address family of the socket is AF_UNIX, then connect() shall fail if:

> [EIO]
>   An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to the file system.
> [ELOOP]
>   A loop exists in symbolic links encountered during resolution of the pathname in address.
> [ENAMETOOLONG]
>   The length of a component of a pathname is longer than {NAME_MAX}.
> [ENOENT]
>   A component of the pathname does not name an existing file or the pathname is an empty string.
> [ENOTDIR]
>   A component of the path prefix of the pathname in address names an existing file that is neither a directory nor a symbolic link to a directory, or the pathname in address contains at least one non- <slash> character and ends with one or more trailing <slash> characters and the last pathname component names an existing file that is neither a directory nor a symbolic link to a directory.

> The connect() function may fail if:

> [EACCES]
>   Search permission is denied for a component of the path prefix; or write access to the named socket is denied.
> [EADDRINUSE]
>   Attempt to establish a connection that uses addresses that are already in use.
> [ECONNRESET]
>   Remote host reset the connection request.
> [EHOSTUNREACH]
>   The destination host cannot be reached (probably because the host is down or a remote router cannot reach it).
> [EINVAL]
>   The address_len argument is not a valid length for the address family; or invalid address family in the sockaddr structure.
> [ELOOP]
>   More than {SYMLOOP_MAX} symbolic links were encountered during resolution of the pathname in address.
> [ENAMETOOLONG]
>   The length of a pathname exceeds {PATH_MAX}, or pathname resolution of a symbolic link produced an intermediate result with a length that exceeds {PATH_MAX}.
> [ENETDOWN]
>   The local network interface used to reach the destination is down.
> [ENOBUFS]
>   No buffer space is available.
> [EOPNOTSUPP]
>   The socket is listening and cannot be connected.

The following sections are informative.

#### EXAMPLES

> None.

#### APPLICATION USAGE

> If connect() fails, the state of the socket is unspecified. Conforming applications should close the file descriptor and create a new socket before attempting to reconnect.

#### RATIONALE

> None.

#### FUTURE DIRECTIONS

> None.

#### SEE ALSO

> accept, bind, close, getsockname, poll, pselect, send, shutdown, socket

> XBD <sys/socket.h>

#### CHANGE HISTORY

> First released in Issue 6. Derived from the XNS, Issue 5.2 specification.

> The wording of the mandatory [ELOOP] error condition is updated, and a second optional [ELOOP] error condition is added.

#### Issue 7

> Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #035 is applied, clarifying the description of connected sockets.

> Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #143 is applied.

> Austin Group Interpretation 1003.1-2001 #188 is applied, changing the method used to reset a peer address for a datagram socket.

> SD5-XSH-ERN-185 is applied.

> POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 1, XSH/TC1-2008/0062 [324] is applied.

End of informative text.

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