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The linker script language includes a number of builtin functions for use in linker script expressions.
ABSOLUTE(exp)
Return the absolute (non-relocatable, as opposed to non-negative) value of the expression exp. Primarily useful to assign an absolute value to a symbol within a section definition, where symbol values are normally section relative. See section The Section of an Expression.
ADDR(section)
Return the absolute address (the VMA) of the named section. Your
script must previously have defined the location of that section. In
the following example, symbol_1
and symbol_2
are assigned
identical values:
SECTIONS { … .output1 : { start_of_output_1 = ABSOLUTE(.); … } .output : { symbol_1 = ADDR(.output1); symbol_2 = start_of_output_1; } … } |
ALIGN(exp)
Return the location counter (.
) aligned to the next exp
boundary.
ALIGN
doesn't change the value of the location counter--it just
does arithmetic on it. Here is an example which aligns the output
.data
section to the next 0x2000
byte boundary after the
preceding section and sets a variable within the section to the next
0x8000
boundary after the input sections:
SECTIONS { … .data ALIGN(0x2000): { *(.data) variable = ALIGN(0x8000); } … } |
The first use of ALIGN
in this example specifies the location of
a section because it is used as the optional address attribute of
a section definition (see section Output Section Description). The second use
of ALIGN
is used to defines the value of a symbol.
The builtin function NEXT
is closely related to ALIGN
.
BLOCK(exp)
This is a synonym for ALIGN
, for compatibility with older linker
scripts. It is most often seen when setting the address of an output
section.
DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN(maxpagesize, commonpagesize)
This is equivalent to either
(ALIGN(maxpagesize) + (. & (maxpagesize - 1))) |
or
(ALIGN(maxpagesize) + (. & (maxpagesize - commonpagesize))) |
depending on whether the latter uses fewer commonpagesize sized pages
for the data segment (area between the result of this expression and
DATA_SEGMENT_END
) than the former or not.
If the latter form is used, it means commonpagesize bytes of runtime
memory will be saved at the expense of up to commonpagesize wasted
bytes in the on-disk file.
This expression can only be used directly in SECTIONS
commands, not in
any output section descriptions and only once in the linker script.
commonpagesize should be less or equal to maxpagesize and should
be the system page size the object wants to be optimized for (while still
working on system page sizes up to maxpagesize).
Example:
. = DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN(0x10000, 0x2000); |
DATA_SEGMENT_END(exp)
This defines the end of data segment for DATA_SEGMENT_ALIGN
evaluation purposes.
. = DATA_SEGMENT_END(.); |
DEFINED(symbol)
Return 1 if symbol is in the linker global symbol table and is defined, otherwise return 0. You can use this function to provide default values for symbols. For example, the following script fragment shows how to set a global symbol `begin' to the first location in the `.text' section--but if a symbol called `begin' already existed, its value is preserved:
SECTIONS { … .text : { begin = DEFINED(begin) ? begin : . ; … } … } |
LOADADDR(section)
Return the absolute LMA of the named section. This is normally
the same as ADDR
, but it may be different if the AT
attribute is used in the output section definition (see section Output Section LMA).
MAX(exp1, exp2)
Returns the maximum of exp1 and exp2.
MIN(exp1, exp2)
Returns the minimum of exp1 and exp2.
NEXT(exp)
Return the next unallocated address that is a multiple of exp.
This function is closely related to ALIGN(exp)
; unless you
use the MEMORY
command to define discontinuous memory for the
output file, the two functions are equivalent.
SIZEOF(section)
Return the size in bytes of the named section, if that section has
been allocated. If the section has not been allocated when this is
evaluated, the linker will report an error. In the following example,
symbol_1
and symbol_2
are assigned identical values:
SECTIONS{ … .output { .start = . ; … .end = . ; } symbol_1 = .end - .start ; symbol_2 = SIZEOF(.output); … } |
SIZEOF_HEADERS
sizeof_headers
Return the size in bytes of the output file's headers. This is information which appears at the start of the output file. You can use this number when setting the start address of the first section, if you choose, to facilitate paging.
When producing an ELF output file, if the linker script uses the
SIZEOF_HEADERS
builtin function, the linker must compute the
number of program headers before it has determined all the section
addresses and sizes. If the linker later discovers that it needs
additional program headers, it will report an error `not enough
room for program headers'. To avoid this error, you must avoid using
the SIZEOF_HEADERS
function, or you must rework your linker
script to avoid forcing the linker to use additional program headers, or
you must define the program headers yourself using the PHDRS
command (see section PHDRS Command).
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